![]() PLP, O4, O1 and CNPase are expressed during transition from progenitor to differentiated oligodendrocytes, while differentiated, axon-myelinating oligodendrocytes are characterised by myelin protein expression (MBP, MAG, MOG, GalC). A2B5 recognises progenitor cells, NPC and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC), while oligodendroglial cell lineage markers Olig1 and 2 as well as Sox10 and Nkx2.2 are expressed in all cells of the lineage, OPC and pre-oligodendrocytes (pre-OL) are characterised by PDGFR-α and NG2 expression. Schematic depiction of oligodendroglial lineage markers specific for different developmental stages from neuronal progenitor cells (NPC) to myelinating oligodendrocyte (OL). OPC multiple sclerosis myelin myelination oligodendrocyte progenitor cells oligodendrocytes remyelination. We will also discuss the most common models used to study oligodendrocytes and describe newly discovered functions of oligodendrocytes. Here, we review the journey of oligodendrocytes from the embryonic stage to their role in homeostasis and their fate in disease. Cell population studies have recently identified novel immunomodulatory functions of oligodendrocytes, the implications of which, e.g., for diseases with primary oligodendrocyte pathology, are not yet clear. Deceased oligodendrocytes can be replenished from the adult OPC pool and lost myelin can be regenerated during remyelination, which can prevent axonal degeneration and can restore function. Oligodendrocyte pathology is therefore evident in a range of disorders including multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Due to this energy consuming process and the associated high metabolic turnover oligodendrocytes are vulnerable to cytotoxic and excitotoxic factors. The central function of oligodendrocytes is to generate myelin, which is an extended membrane from the cell that wraps tightly around axons. OPC are distributed throughout the CNS and represent a pool of migratory and proliferative adult progenitor cells that can differentiate into oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that are generated from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC). ![]()
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